First let us define the java class with a condition:
public class Math
{
public static int add(int x, int y)
{
int r;
r= x+y;
return r;
}
public static int SimpleCall()
{
return 17;
}
public static int SimpleCall2()
{
return add(17, 29);
}
public static int SimpleCall4(int p)
{
if(p>100) return 100;
return add(p, 29);
}
public static int SimpleCall5(int p)
{
return SimpleCall4(101);
}
public static int SimpleCall3()
{
return SimpleCall4(17);
}
public static int Main()
{
return SimpleCall3();
}
}
And the generated byte code:
public class Math extends java.lang.Object{
public Math();
Signature: ()V
Code:
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1; //Method java/lang/Object."init":()V
4: return
public static int add(int, int);
Signature: (II)I
Code:
0: iload_0
1: iload_1
2: iadd
3: istore_2
4: iload_2
5: ireturn
public static int SimpleCall();
Signature: ()I
Code:
0: bipush 17
2: ireturn
public static int SimpleCall2();
Signature: ()I
Code:
0: bipush 17
2: bipush 29
4: invokestatic #2; //Method add:(II)I
7: ireturn
public static int SimpleCall4(int);
Signature: (I)I
Code:
0: iload_0
1: bipush 100
3: if_icmple 9
6: bipush 100
8: ireturn
9: iload_0
10: bipush 29
12: invokestatic #2; //Method add:(II)I
15: ireturn
public static int SimpleCall5(int);
Signature: (I)I
Code:
0: bipush 101
2: invokestatic #3; //Method SimpleCall4:(I)I
5: ireturn
public static int SimpleCall3();
Signature: ()I
Code:
0: bipush 17
2: invokestatic #3; //Method SimpleCall4:(I)I
5: ireturn
public static int Main();
Signature: ()I
Code:
0: invokestatic #4; //Method SimpleCall3:()I
3: ireturn
}
The
SimpleCall4 method has a conditional branch instruction if_icmple. Note that we deal with static methiods so far- so dont care the init method yet.Let us first define the helper method for the instruction to generate machine code:
void IfIcmple(u1* code, int& ip, int targetpc, CMapPtrToPtr *pJmpTargetMap)
{
u1 c[] = {
//if((pRE->stack[pRE->stackTop-2].intValue > pRE->stack[pRE->stackTop-1].intValue))
0x8B, 0x45, 0x08, // mov eax,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x48, 0x04, // mov ecx,dword ptr [eax+4]
0x8B, 0x55, 0x08, // mov edx,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x02, // mov eax,dword ptr [edx]
0x8B, 0x55, 0x08, // mov edx,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x52, 0x04, // mov edx,dword ptr [edx+4]
0x8B, 0x75, 0x08, // mov esi,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x36, // mov esi,dword ptr [esi]
0x8B, 0x44, 0xC8, 0xF0, // mov eax,dword ptr [eax+ecx*8-10h]
0x3B, 0x44, 0xD6, 0xF8, // cmp eax,dword ptr [esi+edx*8-8]
0x76, 0x00, 0x90, 0x90, 0x90, // JBEnop nop nop
//pRE->stackTop -= 2;
0x8B, 0x45, 0x08, // mov eax,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x48, 0x04, // mov ecx,dword ptr [eax+4]
0x83, 0xE9, 0x02, // sub ecx,2
0x8B, 0x55, 0x08, // mov edx,dword ptr [pRE]
0x89, 0x4A, 0x04, // mov dword ptr [edx+4],ecx
};
memcpy(&code[ip], c, sizeof(c));
ip+=sizeof(c);
LinkedListNode *pNode = new LinkedListNode(&code[ip-20], NULL);
LOG(_T("PC = 0x%X Jmp Inst Offset = 0x%X Inst = 0x%X\n"), targetpc, (int)(&code[ip-20])-(int)(code), code[ip-20]);
JmpTarget *pJmpTarget = NULL;
if(!pJmpTargetMap->Lookup((void *) targetpc, (void *&) pJmpTarget))
{
pJmpTarget = new JmpTarget();
pJmpTarget->pTargetList = pNode;
pJmpTarget->pc = targetpc;
pJmpTargetMap->SetAt((void *)targetpc, pJmpTarget);
}
else
{
pNode->pNext = pJmpTarget->pTargetList;
}
pJmpTarget->pTargetList = pNode;
}
The instruction
if_icmple checks value on top of stack and brances if first argument is greater than second argument. We do same in the machine code. Since we can not calculate address of target instruction without first generating code that is behind the target- we keep the target address empty and fix all jump address after we generate machine code all the instructions. To do this we maintain a map of jmp instruction locations and also a map of native vs managed code locations. Since one instruction can be target of multiple jmp instructions we keep a linked list of jmp instructions we need to fix for a specific managed target instruction-
struct LinkedListNode
{
void *pData;
LinkedListNode *pNext;
LinkedListNode(void *pData, LinkedListNode *pNext)
{
this->pData = pData;
this->pNext = pNext;
}
LinkedListNode()
{
this->pData = NULL;
this->pNext = NULL;
}
};
Here we need to fix out
ireturn helper- since after return from method we must not execute any instruction we must return but before that we must fix the native stack (epilog) and then return. Since we add epilog at the end of each native function we just jmp to that location for the cleanup if there is multiple retutn from managed code. To track thios we insert an unconditional jmp instruction to the epilog-// ireturn instruction takes the value from stack top and push
// to stack[0] position.
void IReturn(u1* code, int& ip, CMapPtrToPtr *pJmpTargetMap)
{
u1 c[] = {
//pRE->stack[0].intValue=pRE->stack[pRE->stackTop-1].intValue;
0x8B, 0x45, 0x08, // mov eax,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x48, 0x04, // mov ecx,dword ptr [eax+4]
0x8B, 0x55, 0x08, // mov edx,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x02, // mov eax,dword ptr [edx]
0x8B, 0x55, 0x08, // mov edx,dword ptr [pRE]
0x8B, 0x12, // mov edx,dword ptr [edx]
0x8B, 0x44, 0xC8, 0xF8, // mov eax,dword ptr [eax+ecx*8-8]
0x89, 0x02, // mov dword ptr [edx],eax
};
memcpy(&code[ip], c, sizeof(c));
ip+=sizeof(c);
u1 c1[] = {
0xE9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 //JMP, nop ,nop
};
memcpy(&code[ip], c1, sizeof(c1));
ip+=sizeof(c1);
LinkedListNode *pNode = new LinkedListNode(&code[ip-5], NULL);
LOG(_T("PC = RETURN Jmp Inst Offset = 0x%X Inst = 0x%X\n"), (int)(&code[ip-5])-(int)(code), code[ip-5]);
JmpTarget *pJmpTarget = NULL;
if(!pJmpTargetMap->Lookup((void *) 0, (void *&) pJmpTarget))
{
pJmpTarget = new JmpTarget();
pJmpTarget->pTargetList = pNode;
pJmpTarget->pc = 0;
pJmpTargetMap->SetAt((void *)0, pJmpTarget);
}
else
{
pNode->pNext = pJmpTarget->pTargetList;
}
pJmpTarget->pTargetList = pNode;
}
Lets now see how we fix the address-
void FixJmpLocations(u1 *codes, CMapPtrToPtr *pJmpTargetMap, CMapPtrToPtr *pManagedtoNativeMap, u1* retAddress)
{
LOG(_T("Fixing Jmp Target\n"));
//Iterate through the entire map,
for (POSITION pos = pJmpTargetMap->GetStartPosition(); pos != NULL;)
{
JmpTarget *pJmpTarget;
int pc;
pJmpTargetMap->GetNextAssoc(pos, (void *&)pc, (void *&)pJmpTarget);
ASSERT(pc == pJmpTarget->pc);
int target;
if(0 == pJmpTarget->pc)
{
target = (int)retAddress;
}
else
{
target = (int) pManagedtoNativeMap->GetValueAt((void *&)pJmpTarget->pc);
}
LinkedListNode *pTargetList = pJmpTarget->pTargetList;
do{
int offset=0;
if(0xE9 == codes[(int)((int)pTargetList->pData-(int)codes)])
{
offset = target - (int)pTargetList->pData-5; //1 for inst 4 for 4 byte offset = -5
memcpy(&codes[(int)((int)pTargetList->pData-(int)codes)+1], &offset, sizeof(offset));
}
else
{
offset = target - (int)pTargetList->pData - 2; //1 for inst 1 for 1 byte offset = -2
codes[(int)((int)pTargetList->pData-(int)codes)+1]=offset;
}
LOG(_T("Fixed 0x%X with Native Address Offset 0x%X\n"), (int)pTargetList->pData - (int)codes, offset);
pTargetList = pTargetList->pNext;
}while(NULL != pTargetList);
}
}
Please note that the map
pManagedtoNativeMap is polulated the Compile function like this in the giant for loop for each instruction-pManagedtoNativeMap->SetAt((void *)pc, &codes[ip]);
Thats it. We are now ready to test the vodes we generate-
int main()
{
Context *pRE = new Context();;
pRE->stack = new Variable[STACK_SIZE];
pRE->stackTop = 0;
memset(pRE->stack, 0, sizeof(Variable)*STACK_SIZE);
pRE->pVMEnv = new VMEnvironment();
pRE->pVMEnv->pClassHeap = new ClassHeap();
pRE->pVMEnv->pObjectHeap = new ObjectHeap();
pRE->pVMEnv->ppHelperMethods = HelperMethods;
ClassHeap* pClsHeap = pRE->pVMEnv->pClassHeap;
JavaClass jc;
pClsHeap->LoadClass("Math", &jc);
JavaClass *pVirtualClass =&jc, *pClass1 = &jc;
int mindex=pClass1->GetMethodIndex(_T("Main"),_T("()I"),pVirtualClass);
method_info_ex *pMethod = &pVirtualClass->methods[mindex];
MethodLink *pMethodLink = new MethodLink();
pMethodLink->pClass = pVirtualClass;
pMethodLink->pMethod = pMethod;
((void (*)(MethodLink *pMethodLink, Context *pRE))pRE->pVMEnv->ppHelperMethods[CALL_METHOD_HELPER_INDEX])(pMethodLink, pRE);
LOG(_T("Ret = %d"), pRE->stack[0].intValue);
return 0;
}
Thats it. Our generated native code can handle branching!
It was first posted at